Sparkling wines start from just under-ripe grapes - that are still high in acid but have developed varietal characteristics, this is why many of the best sparkling wines are made in cool climate regions. There’s more to sparkling wine than just popping a cork and toasting, in this article, I delve into the world of sparkling wine, exploring its production methods, key countries, appellations, styles, and more.
What are the main sparkling wine production methods?
But first, lets summarise the main sparkling wine production methods and their differences:
| Production Method | Bottle Fermented? | Times Fermented |
|---|---|---|
| Méthode Ancestrale | Yes | 1 |
| Méthode Champenoise | Yes | 2 |
| Méthode Traditionnelle | Yes | 2 |
| Transfer Method | Yes | Rebottled |
| Tank / Charmat Method | No | N/A |
Here’s a short explanation of each method:
Méthode Ancestrale and Pét-Nat Pétillant-Naturel
Starts with partially fermented (base) wine, which is then bottled and fermentation completes - hence a single ferment - this is more likely to be for Pét-Nat wines. With this approach, you’re likely to have less fizz and won’t know if the ferment completed til you open it. The resulting wine can be Dry to Off-Dry / Medium-Sweet.
There is also a method where the base wine is bottled, liquer de tirage is added, then the bottle is sealed and the resulting wine will have more fizz then the first approach. Some wine makers may also disgorge the yeast plug resulting in a clearer wine that is less likely to froth everywhere. This is where some of the Cremant sparkling wines can get really interesting.
Traditional Method / Méthode Champenoise
Starts from a still base wine, which is blended and bottler for a second fermentation before laying the down the bottles to do the magic stuff (sparkling wine). When ready, they are disgorged, topped up with dosage and inserting a cork - then ready to be shipped out to sell.
Transfer method
This is much like traditional - except follwing the second ferment, the bottles are emptied under pressure into a sealed tank. The now sparkling wine is then filtered, bottled, dosage is added and then it is and ready to sell (no ageing). This is a cheaper production method - less labour intensive.
Tank method / Charmat
Has second fermentation in a stainless tank and then sparkling wine is filtered and bottled ready to ship out (with no ageing) - this is also used for wines like sparkling Asti and Prosecco as well as high volume wines from the New World
Carbonation
This is for high volume wines and is cheap and quick - a still wine (usually aromatic) is carbonated in the bottle, packaged and then is ready to sell. Think Alcopops - the major discount supermarkets probably sell this stuff.
Key Sparkling Wine Countries and Production Methods
Table below sets out key Wine Producing Countries, Appelations and sparkling wine production menthod along with key grapes
| Country (Region) | Key Appellation | Production Method | Key Grapes |
|---|---|---|---|
| England | English Quality Sparkling Wine | Traditional Method | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier |
| France (Champagne) | Champagne | Méthode Champenoise | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier |
| France (Alsace, Loire, Limoux, Bourgogne, etc ) | Crémant | Traditional Method Méthode Ancestrale | Varies by region (e.g. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Chenin Blanc, Riesling, etc.) |
| Germany | Deutscher Sekt | Traditional Method | Riesling, Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay |
| Italy | Franciacorta | Metodo classico | Chardonnay, Pinot Nero, Pinot Bianco |
| Italy | Asti | Charmat Method | Moscato |
| Italy | Prosecco | Charmat Method | Glera |
| Italy | Trentodoc | Metodo classico | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc |
| New Zealand | Marlborough | Méthode Traditionnelle | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir |
| South Africa | Cap Classique | Méthode Cap Classique | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir |
| Spain | Cava | Traditional Method | Macabeo, Parellada, Xarel-lo |
| USA | Sparkling | Méthode Champenoise | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir |
| Australia | Sparkling Pet Nat | Traditional Method Ancestrale Method | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir varies for Pet Nat |
Styles of Sparkling Wine
Non Vintage
Made from a blend of several vintages - good for consistency in style and quality
Vintage
Made from wine only from that year - has to be an exceptional quality - some will have extra bottle ageing as well as more expression of tastes from that year.
Blanc de Blanc
White from white grapes - means the wine was made using only white grapes.
Blanc de Noir
White from black grapes
Other Sparkling Wines
Cremant
Is anything sparkling in France but not from Champagne region. In the past, Cremant referred to sparkling wine and the atmospheres of pressure in the bottle. Here are some good Cremants to know:
- de Alsace - can be made from a variety of grapes - just not aromatics like Gewurz.
- de Bourgogne -
- de Jura -
- de Loire - AOP for any sparkling in Loire.
- de Limoux - will be ancestrale methode - Historical importance as one of the first places to make sparkling wine
- Clairette de Die / Cremant de Die - ancestrale method - likely to be off-dry
You’ll also find quality sparkling from the Loire that will be labelled
- Vouvray 100% Chenin Blanc or
- Saumur (a combination of grapes including Chenin, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir)
So to summarise … sparkling wine has a long history and made by many countries. It’s popularised by Champagne, Prosecco - but there are several key production methods and the resulting sparkling wines are can vary in style from vintage to vintage or have a reputation of great quality and consistency.
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Meet the author
WSET3 award - Has been on a journey to learn more about wine, viticulture since I started travelling. Every country has something to drink.
